In this report, the PCAC examines four distinct geographic areas that are traditionally identified as having few convenient public transportation options. However, our research suggests that the perceived need for additional service is often more complex than it first appears and that coordination between various service providers, governmental entities, and stakeholders is crucial. The disconnect between physical distance and travel time is in part due to the existing transportation infrastructure not being used as efficiently as it could be. This shortfall in public transportation service must be addressed if the New York region is to maintain an effective overall transportation system.